どーも。ばぁどです。 脆弱性診断を仕事としています。元Webアプリエンジニアです。 開発もできる脆弱性診断士を目指しています。
今回はやられ用のWebサイトであるBadStoreに、自動脆弱性診断ツールであるOWASP ZAPで動的に検査してみました。
OWASP ZAPの結果を貼り付けただけの雑記事です。
BadStore とは
やられ用のWebサイトです。 筆者はローカルプロキシツールであるBurpSuiteの拡張として入れました。
OWASP ZAP
脆弱性診断ツール。
感想
OWASP ZAPのレポートが非常に長いので、先に感想を。
自動脆弱性診断ツールは非常に便利。手動診断と比べても早く、網羅的に、人手を使わずにある程度の脆弱性を見つけてくれています。ツールごとに得意・不得意があったり、逆に手動診断でないと見つけることができない部分はあるはずなので、そういった理解を深めていきたい。
ZAP Scanning Report
Summary of Alerts
| Risk Level | Number of Alerts |
|---|---|
| High | 6 |
| Medium | 3 |
| Low | 6 |
| Informational | 0 |
Alert Detail
Cross Site Scripting (Reflected)
High (Medium)
Description
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) is an attack technique that involves echoing attacker-supplied code into a user's browser instance. A browser instance can be a standard web browser client, or a browser object embedded in a software product such as the browser within WinAmp, an RSS reader, or an email client. The code itself is usually written in HTML/JavaScript, but may also extend to VBScript, ActiveX, Java, Flash, or any other browser-supported technology.
When an attacker gets a user's browser to execute his/her code, the code will run within the security context (or zone) of the hosting web site. With this level of privilege, the code has the ability to read, modify and transmit any sensitive data accessible by the browser. A Cross-site Scripted user could have his/her account hijacked (cookie theft), their browser redirected to another location, or possibly shown fraudulent content delivered by the web site they are visiting. Cross-site Scripting attacks essentially compromise the trust relationship between a user and the web site. Applications utilizing browser object instances which load content from the file system may execute code under the local machine zone allowing for system compromise.
There are three types of Cross-site Scripting attacks: non-persistent, persistent and DOM-based.
Non-persistent attacks and DOM-based attacks require a user to either visit a specially crafted link laced with malicious code, or visit a malicious web page containing a web form, which when posted to the vulnerable site, will mount the attack. Using a malicious form will oftentimes take place when the vulnerable resource only accepts HTTP POST requests. In such a case, the form can be submitted automatically, without the victim's knowledge (e.g. by using JavaScript). Upon clicking on the malicious link or submitting the malicious form, the XSS payload will get echoed back and will get interpreted by the user's browser and execute. Another technique to send almost arbitrary requests (GET and POST) is by using an embedded client, such as Adobe Flash.
Persistent attacks occur when the malicious code is submitted to a web site where it's stored for a period of time. Examples of an attacker's favorite targets often include message board posts, web mail messages, and web chat software. The unsuspecting user is not required to interact with any additional site/link (e.g. an attacker site or a malicious link sent via email), just simply view the web page containing the code.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
commentsAttack:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>Evidence:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supupload
Method:
POSTParameter:
viewfilenameAttack:
<script>alert(1);</script>Evidence:
<script>alert(1);</script>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
fullnameAttack:
<script>alert(1);</script>Evidence:
<script>alert(1);</script>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
nameAttack:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>Evidence:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
newemailAttack:
</p><script>alert(1);</script><p>Evidence:
</p><script>alert(1);</script><p>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
emailAttack:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>Evidence:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>
Instances: 6
Solution
Phase: Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Phases: Implementation; Architecture and Design
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
Phase: Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Phase: Implementation
For every web page that is generated, use and specify a character encoding such as ISO-8859-1 or UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, the web browser may choose a different encoding by guessing which encoding is actually being used by the web page. This can cause the web browser to treat certain sequences as special, opening up the client to subtle XSS attacks. See CWE-116 for more mitigations related to encoding/escaping.
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XMLHTTPRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a whitelist of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs (i.e., do not rely on a blacklist). However, blacklists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if you are expecting colors such as "red" or "blue."
Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Reference
CWE Id : 79
WASC Id : 8
Source ID : 1
SQL Injection - SQLite
High (Medium)
Description
SQL injection may be possible.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
newemailAttack:
'Evidence:
near "test": syntax error
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
fullnameAttack:
'Evidence:
near "test": syntax error
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
POSTParameter:
pwdhintAttack:
'Evidence:
near "ZAP": syntax error
Instances: 3
Solution
Do not trust client side input, even if there is client side validation in place.
In general, type check all data on the server side.
If the application uses JDBC, use PreparedStatement or CallableStatement, with parameters passed by '?'
If the application uses ASP, use ADO Command Objects with strong type checking and parameterized queries.
If database Stored Procedures can be used, use them.
Do *not* concatenate strings into queries in the stored procedure, or use 'exec', 'exec immediate', or equivalent functionality!
Do not create dynamic SQL queries using simple string concatenation.
Escape all data received from the client.
Apply a 'whitelist' of allowed characters, or a 'blacklist' of disallowed characters in user input.
Apply the principle of least privilege by using the least privileged database user possible.
In particular, avoid using the 'sa' or 'db-owner' database users. This does not eliminate SQL injection, but minimizes its impact.
Grant the minimum database access that is necessary for the application.
Other information
RDBMS [SQLite] likely, given error message regular expression [near ".+": syntax error] matched by the HTML results.
The vulnerability was detected by manipulating the parameter to cause a database error message to be returned and recognised
Reference
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2010-A1
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet
CWE Id : 89
WASC Id : 19
Source ID : 1
SQL Injection - Authentication Bypass
High (Medium)
Description
SQL injection may be possible on a login page, potentially allowing the application's authentication mechanism to be bypassed
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
POSTParameter:
pwdhintAttack:
'
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
newemailAttack:
'
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
fullnameAttack:
'
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierportal
Method:
POSTParameter:
emailAttack:
ZAP' AND '1'='1' --
Instances: 4
Solution
Do not trust client side input, even if there is client side validation in place.
In general, type check all data on the server side.
If the application uses JDBC, use PreparedStatement or CallableStatement, with parameters passed by '?'
If the application uses ASP, use ADO Command Objects with strong type checking and parameterized queries.
If database Stored Procedures can be used, use them.
Do *not* concatenate strings into queries in the stored procedure, or use 'exec', 'exec immediate', or equivalent functionality!
Do not create dynamic SQL queries using simple string concatenation.
Escape all data received from the client.
Apply a 'whitelist' of allowed characters, or a 'blacklist' of disallowed characters in user input.
Apply the principle of least privilege by using the least privileged database user possible.
In particular, avoid using the 'sa' or 'db-owner' database users. This does not eliminate SQL injection, but minimizes its impact.
Grant the minimum database access that is necessary for the application.
Reference
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2010-A1
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet
CWE Id : 89
WASC Id : 19
Source ID : 1
Path Traversal
High (Medium)
Description
The Path Traversal attack technique allows an attacker access to files, directories, and commands that potentially reside outside the web document root directory. An attacker may manipulate a URL in such a way that the web site will execute or reveal the contents of arbitrary files anywhere on the web server. Any device that exposes an HTTP-based interface is potentially vulnerable to Path Traversal.
Most web sites restrict user access to a specific portion of the file-system, typically called the "web document root" or "CGI root" directory. These directories contain the files intended for user access and the executable necessary to drive web application functionality. To access files or execute commands anywhere on the file-system, Path Traversal attacks will utilize the ability of special-characters sequences.
The most basic Path Traversal attack uses the "../" special-character sequence to alter the resource location requested in the URL. Although most popular web servers will prevent this technique from escaping the web document root, alternate encodings of the "../" sequence may help bypass the security filters. These method variations include valid and invalid Unicode-encoding ("..%u2216" or "..%c0%af") of the forward slash character, backslash characters ("..\") on Windows-based servers, URL encoded characters "%2e%2e%2f"), and double URL encoding ("..%255c") of the backslash character.
Even if the web server properly restricts Path Traversal attempts in the URL path, a web application itself may still be vulnerable due to improper handling of user-supplied input. This is a common problem of web applications that use template mechanisms or load static text from files. In variations of the attack, the original URL parameter value is substituted with the file name of one of the web application's dynamic scripts. Consequently, the results can reveal source code because the file is interpreted as text instead of an executable script. These techniques often employ additional special characters such as the dot (".") to reveal the listing of the current working directory, or "%00" NULL characters in order to bypass rudimentary file extension checks.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supupload
Method:
POSTParameter:
viewfilenameAttack:
../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwdEvidence:
root:*:0:0
Instances: 1
Solution
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a whitelist of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs (i.e., do not rely on a blacklist). However, blacklists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if you are expecting colors such as "red" or "blue."
For filenames, use stringent whitelists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses, and exclude directory separators such as "/". Use a whitelist of allowable file extensions.
Warning: if you attempt to cleanse your data, then do so that the end result is not in the form that can be dangerous. A sanitizing mechanism can remove characters such as '.' and ';' which may be required for some exploits. An attacker can try to fool the sanitizing mechanism into "cleaning" data into a dangerous form. Suppose the attacker injects a '.' inside a filename (e.g. "sensi.tiveFile") and the sanitizing mechanism removes the character resulting in the valid filename, "sensitiveFile". If the input data are now assumed to be safe, then the file may be compromised.
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated. Make sure that your application does not decode the same input twice. Such errors could be used to bypass whitelist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links.
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by your software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows you to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
Reference
CWE Id : 22
WASC Id : 33
Source ID : 1
Cross Site Scripting (Persistent)
High (Medium)
Description
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) is an attack technique that involves echoing attacker-supplied code into a user's browser instance. A browser instance can be a standard web browser client, or a browser object embedded in a software product such as the browser within WinAmp, an RSS reader, or an email client. The code itself is usually written in HTML/JavaScript, but may also extend to VBScript, ActiveX, Java, Flash, or any other browser-supported technology.
When an attacker gets a user's browser to execute his/her code, the code will run within the security context (or zone) of the hosting web site. With this level of privilege, the code has the ability to read, modify and transmit any sensitive data accessible by the browser. A Cross-site Scripted user could have his/her account hijacked (cookie theft), their browser redirected to another location, or possibly shown fraudulent content delivered by the web site they are visiting. Cross-site Scripting attacks essentially compromise the trust relationship between a user and the web site. Applications utilizing browser object instances which load content from the file system may execute code under the local machine zone allowing for system compromise.
There are three types of Cross-site Scripting attacks: non-persistent, persistent and DOM-based.
Non-persistent attacks and DOM-based attacks require a user to either visit a specially crafted link laced with malicious code, or visit a malicious web page containing a web form, which when posted to the vulnerable site, will mount the attack. Using a malicious form will oftentimes take place when the vulnerable resource only accepts HTTP POST requests. In such a case, the form can be submitted automatically, without the victim's knowledge (e.g. by using JavaScript). Upon clicking on the malicious link or submitting the malicious form, the XSS payload will get echoed back and will get interpreted by the user's browser and execute. Another technique to send almost arbitrary requests (GET and POST) is by using an embedded client, such as Adobe Flash.
Persistent attacks occur when the malicious code is submitted to a web site where it's stored for a period of time. Examples of an attacker's favorite targets often include message board posts, web mail messages, and web chat software. The unsuspecting user is not required to interact with any additional site/link (e.g. an attacker site or a malicious link sent via email), just simply view the web page containing the code.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
commentsAttack:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
nameAttack:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
emailAttack:
</b><script>alert(1);</script><b>
Instances: 3
Solution
Phase: Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Phases: Implementation; Architecture and Design
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
Phase: Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Phase: Implementation
For every web page that is generated, use and specify a character encoding such as ISO-8859-1 or UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, the web browser may choose a different encoding by guessing which encoding is actually being used by the web page. This can cause the web browser to treat certain sequences as special, opening up the client to subtle XSS attacks. See CWE-116 for more mitigations related to encoding/escaping.
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XMLHTTPRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a whitelist of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs (i.e., do not rely on a blacklist). However, blacklists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if you are expecting colors such as "red" or "blue."
Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Other information
Source URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Reference
CWE Id : 79
WASC Id : 8
Source ID : 1
SQL Injection
High (Medium)
Description
SQL injection may be possible.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierportal
Method:
POSTParameter:
emailAttack:
ZAP' AND '1'='1' --
Instances: 1
Solution
Do not trust client side input, even if there is client side validation in place.
In general, type check all data on the server side.
If the application uses JDBC, use PreparedStatement or CallableStatement, with parameters passed by '?'
If the application uses ASP, use ADO Command Objects with strong type checking and parameterized queries.
If database Stored Procedures can be used, use them.
Do *not* concatenate strings into queries in the stored procedure, or use 'exec', 'exec immediate', or equivalent functionality!
Do not create dynamic SQL queries using simple string concatenation.
Escape all data received from the client.
Apply a 'whitelist' of allowed characters, or a 'blacklist' of disallowed characters in user input.
Apply the principle of least privilege by using the least privileged database user possible.
In particular, avoid using the 'sa' or 'db-owner' database users. This does not eliminate SQL injection, but minimizes its impact.
Grant the minimum database access that is necessary for the application.
Other information
The page results were successfully manipulated using the boolean conditions [ZAP' AND '1'='1' -- ] and [ZAP' AND '1'='2' -- ]
The parameter value being modified was NOT stripped from the HTML output for the purposes of the comparison
Data was returned for the original parameter.
The vulnerability was detected by successfully restricting the data originally returned, by manipulating the parameter
Reference
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2010-A1
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet
CWE Id : 89
WASC Id : 19
Source ID : 1
X-Frame-Options Header Not Set
Medium (Medium)
Description
X-Frame-Options header is not included in the HTTP response to protect against 'ClickJacking' attacks.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=loginregister&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=myaccount&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=myaccount
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=whatsnew&cartitems=1003
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=guestbook
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=supplierportal&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=register&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierlogin
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=login
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierportal
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=guestbook&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supupload
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=login
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/scanbot/scanbot.html
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=viewprevious
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=supplierlogin&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
Instances: 39
Solution
Most modern Web browsers support the X-Frame-Options HTTP header. Ensure it's set on all web pages returned by your site (if you expect the page to be framed only by pages on your server (e.g. it's part of a FRAMESET) then you'll want to use SAMEORIGIN, otherwise if you never expect the page to be framed, you should use DENY. ALLOW-FROM allows specific websites to frame the web page in supported web browsers).
Reference
CWE Id : 16
WASC Id : 15
Source ID : 3
Application Error Disclosure
Medium (Medium)
Description
This page contains an error/warning message that may disclose sensitive information like the location of the file that produced the unhandled exception. This information can be used to launch further attacks against the web application. The alert could be a false positive if the error message is found inside a documentation page.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
POSTEvidence:
HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error
Instances: 1
Solution
Review the source code of this page. Implement custom error pages. Consider implementing a mechanism to provide a unique error reference/identifier to the client (browser) while logging the details on the server side and not exposing them to the user.
Reference
CWE Id : 200
WASC Id : 13
Source ID : 3
X-Frame-Options Header Not Set
Medium (Medium)
Description
X-Frame-Options header is not included in the HTTP response to protect against 'ClickJacking' attacks.
URL: http://detectportal.firefox.com/canonical.html
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Frame-Options
Instances: 1
Solution
Most modern Web browsers support the X-Frame-Options HTTP header. Ensure it's set on all web pages returned by your site (if you expect the page to be framed only by pages on your server (e.g. it's part of a FRAMESET) then you'll want to use SAMEORIGIN, otherwise if you never expect the page to be framed, you should use DENY. ALLOW-FROM allows specific websites to frame the web page in supported web browsers).
Reference
CWE Id : 16
WASC Id : 15
Source ID : 3
X-Content-Type-Options Header Missing
Low (Medium)
Description
The Anti-MIME-Sniffing header X-Content-Type-Options was not set to 'nosniff'. This allows older versions of Internet Explorer and Chrome to perform MIME-sniffing on the response body, potentially causing the response body to be interpreted and displayed as a content type other than the declared content type. Current (early 2014) and legacy versions of Firefox will use the declared content type (if one is set), rather than performing MIME-sniffing.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=admin
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/xml.gif
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/BadStore.jpg
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=whatsnew&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/frmvrfy.js
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/1012.jpg
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
-
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/1014.jpg
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/1011.jpg
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=viewprevious&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=supupload&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/1000.jpg
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=doguestbook
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/images/1009.jpg
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=login
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=viewprevious
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
-
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/scanbot/scanbot.html
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierportal
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
Instances: 61
Solution
Ensure that the application/web server sets the Content-Type header appropriately, and that it sets the X-Content-Type-Options header to 'nosniff' for all web pages.
If possible, ensure that the end user uses a standards-compliant and modern web browser that does not perform MIME-sniffing at all, or that can be directed by the web application/web server to not perform MIME-sniffing.
Other information
This issue still applies to error type pages (401, 403, 500, etc) as those pages are often still affected by injection issues, in which case there is still concern for browsers sniffing pages away from their actual content type.
At "High" threshold this scanner will not alert on client or server error responses.
Reference
- http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/gg622941%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
CWE Id : 16
WASC Id : 15
Source ID : 3
Cookie No HttpOnly Flag
Low (Medium)
Description
A cookie has been set without the HttpOnly flag, which means that the cookie can be accessed by JavaScript. If a malicious script can be run on this page then the cookie will be accessible and can be transmitted to another site. If this is a session cookie then session hijacking may be possible.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=login
Method:
POSTParameter:
SSOidEvidence:
Set-Cookie: SSOid
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
POSTParameter:
SSOidEvidence:
Set-Cookie: SSOid
Instances: 2
Solution
Ensure that the HttpOnly flag is set for all cookies.
Reference
CWE Id : 16
WASC Id : 13
Source ID : 3
Web Browser XSS Protection Not Enabled
Low (Medium)
Description
Web Browser XSS Protection is not enabled, or is disabled by the configuration of the 'X-XSS-Protection' HTTP response header on the web server
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=whatsnew
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=aboutus
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierlogin
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=guestbook&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=cartview
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=login&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=moduser
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
-
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=supplierportal
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=login
Method:
POSTParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/bsheader.cgi
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=loginregister&action=qsearch&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=myaccount
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=loginregister
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=viewprevious
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=viewprevious&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=qsearch&action=supplierlogin&searchquery=ZAP
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
Instances: 39
Solution
Ensure that the web browser's XSS filter is enabled, by setting the X-XSS-Protection HTTP response header to '1'.
Other information
The X-XSS-Protection HTTP response header allows the web server to enable or disable the web browser's XSS protection mechanism. The following values would attempt to enable it:
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-XSS-Protection: 1; report=http://www.example.com/xss
The following values would disable it:
X-XSS-Protection: 0
The X-XSS-Protection HTTP response header is currently supported on Internet Explorer, Chrome and Safari (WebKit).
Note that this alert is only raised if the response body could potentially contain an XSS payload (with a text-based content type, with a non-zero length).
Reference
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS(Cross_Site_Scripting)Prevention_Cheat_Sheet
- https://blog.veracode.com/2014/03/guidelines-for-setting-security-headers/
CWE Id : 933
WASC Id : 14
Source ID : 3
Content-Type Header Missing
Low (Medium)
Description
The Content-Type header was either missing or empty.
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/backup
- Method:
GET
- Method:
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/sitemap.xml
- Method:
GET
- Method:
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin
- Method:
GET
- Method:
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/upload
- Method:
GET
- Method:
URL: http://127.0.0.1:8528/cgi-bin/badstore.cgi?action=register
- Method:
POST
- Method:
Instances: 5
Solution
Ensure each page is setting the specific and appropriate content-type value for the content being delivered.
Reference
CWE Id : 345
WASC Id : 12
Source ID : 3
X-Content-Type-Options Header Missing
Low (Medium)
Description
The Anti-MIME-Sniffing header X-Content-Type-Options was not set to 'nosniff'. This allows older versions of Internet Explorer and Chrome to perform MIME-sniffing on the response body, potentially causing the response body to be interpreted and displayed as a content type other than the declared content type. Current (early 2014) and legacy versions of Firefox will use the declared content type (if one is set), rather than performing MIME-sniffing.
URL: http://detectportal.firefox.com/canonical.html
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
URL: http://detectportal.firefox.com/success.txt?ipv4
Method:
GETParameter:
X-Content-Type-Options
Instances: 2
Solution
Ensure that the application/web server sets the Content-Type header appropriately, and that it sets the X-Content-Type-Options header to 'nosniff' for all web pages.
If possible, ensure that the end user uses a standards-compliant and modern web browser that does not perform MIME-sniffing at all, or that can be directed by the web application/web server to not perform MIME-sniffing.
Other information
This issue still applies to error type pages (401, 403, 500, etc) as those pages are often still affected by injection issues, in which case there is still concern for browsers sniffing pages away from their actual content type.
At "High" threshold this scanner will not alert on client or server error responses.
Reference
- http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/gg622941%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/List_of_useful_HTTP_headers
CWE Id : 16
WASC Id : 15
Source ID : 3
Web Browser XSS Protection Not Enabled
Low (Medium)
Description
Web Browser XSS Protection is not enabled, or is disabled by the configuration of the 'X-XSS-Protection' HTTP response header on the web server
URL: http://detectportal.firefox.com/canonical.html
Method:
GETParameter:
X-XSS-Protection
Instances: 1
Solution
Ensure that the web browser's XSS filter is enabled, by setting the X-XSS-Protection HTTP response header to '1'.
Other information
The X-XSS-Protection HTTP response header allows the web server to enable or disable the web browser's XSS protection mechanism. The following values would attempt to enable it:
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-XSS-Protection: 1; report=http://www.example.com/xss
The following values would disable it:
X-XSS-Protection: 0
The X-XSS-Protection HTTP response header is currently supported on Internet Explorer, Chrome and Safari (WebKit).
Note that this alert is only raised if the response body could potentially contain an XSS payload (with a text-based content type, with a non-zero length).
Reference
- https://www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS(Cross_Site_Scripting)Prevention_Cheat_Sheet
- https://blog.veracode.com/2014/03/guidelines-for-setting-security-headers/
